1. What are the main laws or regulations that govern anthropologists and archeologists in their work?

1. National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966: This law requires federal agencies to consider the potential impacts of their actions on historic properties, including archaeological sites, and to consult with Native American tribes and other stakeholders when dealing with such sites.

2. Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) of 1979: This law protects archaeological resources on federal and Indian lands by criminalizing the unauthorized excavation, removal, or sale of artifacts and other materials.

3. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1990: This law aims to protect Native American burial sites and cultural items by requiring institutions that receive federal funding to repatriate human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and other items to culturally affiliated tribes.

4. Antiquities Act of 1906: This act allows the President of the United States to designate national monuments in order to protect historic, prehistoric, or scientific features located on federal lands.

5. Archaeological Data Preservation Act (ADPA) of 1974: This law encourages the preservation and sharing of archaeological data collected through government-funded projects.

6. State laws: Each state has its own laws regulating archaeology within its borders. These may include permit requirements for conducting research or excavations on state-owned land.

7. Professional codes of ethics: Organizations such as the Society for American Archaeology have established ethical guidelines for practicing archaeologists, including principles related to avoiding harm to living communities or individuals and respecting cultural property rights.

8. Tribal ordinance or laws: Native American tribes may have their own ordinances or laws regulating anthropological or archaeological work conducted on their tribal lands.

9. International conventions: The United States is a member of international organizations such as UNESCO that promote cultural heritage conservation and regulate activities related to archaeology on a global scale.

2. How do these regulations impact the day-to-day activities of anthropologists and archeologists?

The regulations impacting anthropologists and archeologists vary depending on the specific region or country where they conduct their research. Some common regulations include obtaining permission from local authorities before undertaking research, adhering to guidelines for handling and preserving artifacts or human remains, and following ethical principles in regards to working with communities and indigenous groups.

Additionally, anthropologists and archeologists may also have to navigate restrictions on accessing certain sites or conducting excavations, as well as obtaining proper permits for fieldwork. They may also need to comply with data management regulations and obtain approval from institutional review boards if their research involves human subjects.

These regulations can impact the day-to-day activities of anthropologists and archeologists in several ways. Firstly, they may require additional paperwork and logistical planning, which can impact the timeline of a project. They may also limit the scope of their research or require them to adjust their methods to meet regulatory requirements.

Moreover, these regulations often involve consultation and collaboration with local communities, government agencies, or other stakeholders. This requires good communication skills and cultural sensitivity to build relationships and ensure compliance with regulations.

Overall, these regulations serve to protect cultural resources, intellectual property rights of individuals or groups, and promote ethical practices in research. While they may add some complexity to the work of anthropologists and archeologists, they are essential for responsible research practices that respect both the natural environment and cultural heritage.

3. Are there any specific federal agencies or organizations that oversee the work of anthropologists and archeologists?

The primary federal agency that oversees the work of anthropologists and archeologists is the National Park Service (NPS) under the U.S. Department of the Interior. The NPS manages cultural resources on federal lands, including archaeological sites and historic properties, and employs anthropologists and archeologists to study and protect these resources.

Other federal agencies that may employ or collaborate with anthropologists and archeologists include:

1. Bureau of Land Management (BLM): The BLM is responsible for managing public lands and resources, which can include archaeological sites.

2. U.S. Forest Service (USFS): The USFS is responsible for managing national forests and grasslands, which can contain significant archaeological sites.

3. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA): The BIA works with federally recognized tribes to protect their cultural heritage, including through consultation with anthropologists and archeologists.

4. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE): The USACE oversees development projects on navigable waters, such as rivers and harbors, and may require archaeological surveys before permitting certain construction activities.

5. Smithsonian Institution: While not a federal agency, the Smithsonian is the largest museum complex in the world and employs many anthropologists and archeologists to study its vast collections of cultural artifacts from around the world.

6. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): When natural disasters occur on federal lands or involve federally-funded projects, FEMA may work with anthropologists and archeologists to assess damage to cultural resources.

Additionally, federal laws such as the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) mandate certain responsibilities for federal agencies to preserve cultural resources and consult with Native American tribes regarding their ancestral remains and sacred objects. This often involves collaboration with anthropologists and archeologis

4. Do these regulations vary from state to state or are they consistent across the country?

The specific regulations and guidelines for special education vary from state to state in the United States. However, all states must comply with federal laws, such as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which sets minimum requirements for special education services nationwide. This means that while there may be some variation in specific procedures and policies, overall the general guidelines and regulations are consistent across the country. Additionally, states may have their own additional regulations or guidelines for special education services beyond what is required by federal law.

5. What type of permits or licenses are required for anthropological and archeological research on federal land?

The type of permits or licenses required for anthropological and archeological research on federal land may vary depending on the specific location and regulations. Generally, a permit or license must be obtained from the managing agency of the federal land, such as the National Park Service or the Bureau of Land Management.

In addition, researchers may need to obtain specialized permits for certain activities such as excavation or collecting artifacts. These permits may be issued by the appropriate state historic preservation office in conjunction with the relevant federal agency.

Researchers may also need to comply with federal laws and regulations related to permitting, including the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). The NHPA requires that any projects on federal land that could potentially impact historical resources must undergo a review process and obtain necessary permits.

It is important for researchers to consult with the managing agency and follow all applicable laws and regulations before conducting any anthropological or archeological research on federal land.

6. Are there any restrictions on what types of artifacts or human remains can be studied by anthropologists and archeologists under federal regulations?

Yes, there are several restrictions on what types of artifacts or human remains can be studied by anthropologists and archeologists under federal regulations.

1. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
NAGPRA restricts the study of Native American cultural items, including human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony. These items must be identified and returned to the appropriate Native American tribe or organization for proper reburial or use in cultural practices.

2. Antiquities Act of 1906
Under this act, all archaeological resources located on public lands that are 100 years old or older are protected and cannot be excavated or removed unless a permit is obtained from the appropriate federal agency.

3. National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)
The NHPA protects historic properties, including structures, sites, objects, and landscapes that have significant archaeological values within federal agencies. All activities that may impact these properties require consultation with tribal governments and state historic preservation offices.

4. Archeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA)
ARPA prohibits unauthorized excavation or removal of any archaeological resources from federally owned or controlled land without a permit.

5. Federal Cave Resources Protection Act (FCRPA)
FCRPA serves to protect caves on federal lands from destruction and vandalism. It prohibits any disturbance of artifacts or human remains found within caves without a permit.

6. Endangered Species Act (ESA)
ESA protects endangered species from being disturbed during research activities. This includes human remains that may belong to an endangered species.

Overall, the main restriction for anthropological and archeological studies is the protection of cultural heritage and sensitive resources belonging to indigenous communities. Studies must adhere to federal laws and regulations to ensure ethical and respectful treatment of artifacts and human remains.

7. Is there a process for obtaining permission to conduct excavations or surveys on federally protected sites?

Yes, the process for obtaining permission to conduct excavations or surveys on federally protected sites varies depending on the specific site and federal agency that manages it. In general, researchers or archaeologists must submit a research proposal outlining their project goals, methodology, and potential impacts to the site to the appropriate federal agency. This typically includes completing a permit application and providing relevant qualifications and experience in conducting archaeological work.

The federal agency will then review the proposal and may require additional documentation or information before making a decision on whether to grant permission. In some cases, an Environmental Assessment or Environmental Impact Statement may also be required. Once all necessary approvals are obtained, researchers can begin their work on the protected site under any conditions outlined in the permit.

It is important to note that unauthorized excavation or survey on federally protected sites is illegal and can result in fines and penalties. It is always best to obtain proper permission and permits before conducting any research activities on these sites.

8. What happens if an anthropologist or archeologist violates federal regulations while conducting research?

If an anthropologist or archeologist violates federal regulations while conducting research, they may face legal consequences such as fines, suspension of research permits, or even criminal charges. They may also be required to halt their research and return any artifacts or remains that were collected illegally.
Additionally, the researcher’s reputation and credibility within the academic community may be damaged. This could lead to difficulties obtaining research grants or finding employment in the field.
In some cases, violations of federal regulations can have serious cultural and ethical implications, especially if they involve the disturbance or desecration of sacred sites or human remains. Such actions can cause harm and disrespect to indigenous communities and may result in backlash from these groups and damage relations between researchers and local communities.

9. Are there any protocols that must be followed when handling sensitive materials, such as Native American artifacts or human remains, under federal regulations?

Yes, there are several protocols that must be followed when handling sensitive materials such as Native American artifacts or human remains under federal regulations. These include:

1. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA): This federal law requires that any federal agency or institution receiving federal funding must consult with and potentially return certain cultural items to federally recognized Native American tribes.

2. The Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA): This law prohibits the excavation, removal, or sale of archaeological resources from public lands without a permit from the managing agency.

3. National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA): Under this law, any project that may impact historic properties, including Indigenous archaeological sites, must go through a review process to identify and mitigate potential impacts.

4. Respectful and Appropriate Treatment: When handling sensitive materials, it is important to treat them respectfully, following appropriate cultural protocols and customs. This may include obtaining consent from relevant communities or individuals before accessing or using these materials.

5. Proper Storage and Documentation: Sensitive materials should be stored securely to prevent damage or loss, and detailed documentation should be kept of their origin, ownership history, and any actions taken with the material.

6. Returning Items to Tribes or Descendant Communities: If an individual or institution comes into possession of sensitive materials without proper authority or consent, they have a responsibility to return them to their rightful owners – typically the relevant Indigenous community or descendant group.

7. Tribal Consultation: It is essential to engage in meaningful consultation with Native American tribes throughout the process of handling sensitive materials and seek their input and guidance on proper procedures for handling these materials.

8. Compliance with Additional State/Local Laws: In addition to federal regulations, it may also be necessary to comply with state laws governing the handling of sensitive materials such as artifacts or human remains within their jurisdiction.

9. Sensitivity to Cultural Beliefs: When working with Native American artifacts or human remains, it is important to be sensitive to the beliefs and traditions of Indigenous communities and respect their cultural practices and customs related to these materials.

10. How do federal regulations address issues of cultural sensitivity and respect for indigenous communities in archeological and anthropological research?

There are several federal regulations that address issues of cultural sensitivity and respect for indigenous communities in archeological and anthropological research, including:

1. National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966: This law requires federal agencies to take into account the effects of their activities on historic properties, including those with significance to Native American cultures.

2. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1990: This law requires institutions receiving federal funding to repatriate and return Native American human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony to culturally affiliated tribes.

3. Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) of 1979: This law makes it illegal to excavate, remove, damage or otherwise disturb archaeological resources on federal land without a permit from the appropriate land managing agency. It also includes provisions for consultation with Native American tribes regarding potential impacts on cultural resources.

4. Consultation and Collaboration with Indian Tribal Governments Executive Order (E.O. 13175): This executive order directs federal agencies to consult and collaborate with tribes in a government-to-government relationship when policies or actions may affect tribal interests.

5. Tribal Consultation Policy for Department Of The Interior Agencies: This policy provides guidance for DOI agencies in carrying out their responsibilities under E.O. 13175, specifically related to consultation with Native American tribes on matters that may affect them.

6. Bureau of Indian Affairs Cultural Preservation Policy: This policy outlines the BIA’s responsibility for protecting and preserving the cultural heritage of Native Americans through collaboration with tribes in all aspects of management planning, decision-making, and resource stewardship.

In addition to these specific regulations and policies, many federal agencies also have their own codes of ethics and standards of conduct that outline principles such as respect for indigenous knowledge systems, traditional practices, and consultation with native communities during research activities.

11. Are there any guidelines for documenting and preserving findings in accordance with federal regulations?

Yes, there are guidelines for documenting and preserving findings in accordance with federal regulations. These guidelines are set by regulatory agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and they are designed to ensure that findings are accurately recorded, preserved, and made accessible for future reference.

Some key points to consider when documenting and preserving findings in accordance with federal regulations include:

1. Record all relevant information: When documenting findings, make sure to include all relevant information such as dates, locations, methods used, and any other details that may be important for understanding the results.

2. Use a standardized format: To ensure consistency and facilitate communication between different parties, it is recommended to use a standardized format for recording findings. This could include specific forms or templates provided by regulatory agencies or scientific organizations.

3. Clearly label all samples: If samples were collected during the investigation, it is important to label them clearly with a unique identifier and any relevant information about their collection (e.g. date, location). This will help to avoid mix-ups or confusion later on.

4. Use appropriate storage methods: Depending on the type of finding and its physical characteristics (e.g. liquid vs solid), there may be specific storage requirements specified by federal regulations. It’s important to follow these guidelines to ensure that samples remain stable for future analysis.

5. Maintain a chain of custody: For certain types of investigations, it may be necessary to maintain a chain of custody for all samples collected and analyzed. This means tracking who had possession of the sample at each stage of the investigation to ensure its integrity is not compromised.

6. Keep detailed records: It’s important to keep detailed records of all steps taken during the investigation including sample collection, analysis methods used, equipment calibration records, etc.

7. Protect sensitive information: In some cases, there may be sensitive information included in the findings report that needs to be protected. This could include personal identifying information or trade secrets. It’s important to follow the guidelines provided by federal regulations for protecting this information.

8. Maintain records for required time periods: Federal regulations may specify how long findings need to be preserved and accessible for future reference. Make sure to follow these guidelines to ensure compliance.

Overall, the key is to document and preserve findings in a transparent, organized, and consistent manner according to the specific requirements set by federal regulations. This will help ensure that the information collected is reliable and can be used for its intended purposes.

12. How do federal regulations handle conflicts between protection of archaeological sites and development projects on federal land?

The federal regulations have specific guidelines in place to address conflicts between protection of archaeological sites and development projects on federal land. These include:

1. The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) requires federal agencies to identify and evaluate the potential impacts of their actions on historic properties, including archaeological sites.

2. Section 106 of the NHPA requires federal agencies to consult with state and tribal historic preservation officers (SHPOs/THPOs), as well as interested parties, such as Native American tribes, before undertaking any actions that could affect historic properties.

3. If a development project is determined to have potential impacts on archaeological sites, the federal agency must take measures to avoid or mitigate these impacts.

4. The Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) prohibits excavation or removal of any archaeological resources from federal land without a permit or other authorization issued by the responsible federal agency.

5. The Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) requires all BLM lands to protect cultural resources, including archaeological sites, through management plans.

6. Federal agencies may also establish additional regulations for protecting specific types of cultural resources on their lands.

Ultimately, federal agencies are required to balance resource management with development activities in a way that minimizes or avoids harm to archaeological sites while still allowing for responsible development on federal land.

13. Are there any compliance requirements, such as reporting on research findings or submitting reports to regulatory agencies, under federal regulations?

Yes, there are various compliance requirements under federal regulations that may apply to research studies. These include reporting on research findings and submitting reports to regulatory agencies, such as:

1. Institutional Review Board (IRB) requirements: Any research involving human subjects is subject to review and approval by an IRB. The IRB ensures that the rights and welfare of human participants are protected, and may require the submission of periodic progress reports or final reports.

2. National Institutes of Health (NIH) regulations: NIH-funded research studies are subject to certain reporting requirements, including the submission of annual progress reports, final reports, and invention statements.

3. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations: Research involving investigational drugs, devices, or biologics must comply with FDA regulations. This may include submitting study protocols, safety reports, and adverse event information to the FDA.

4. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations: Certain types of research, such as those involving pesticides or biohazards, may be subject to EPA regulations that require reporting on research findings and submissions of study data.

5. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) regulations: HHS has various compliance requirements for research studies funded or conducted by their agencies. This may include reporting on conflicts of interest and financial disclosures.

It is important for researchers to familiarize themselves with relevant federal regulations and ensure compliance with all applicable requirements outlined by regulatory agencies. Failure to comply can result in penalties or sanctions.

14. Is funding for anthropological and archeological projects on federally protected sites subject to additional rules or oversight?

Yes, funding for anthropological and archeological projects on federally protected sites is subject to additional rules and oversight. This is because federally protected sites are considered important cultural or historical resources and require special protections and regulations for their preservation.

The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) requires federal agencies to consider the potential impact of any proposed project on historic properties, including archeological sites, that are listed or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. If a project may affect a historic property, the agency must conduct a survey or assessment to identify the location and significance of any potential archeological resources.

Additionally, the Antiquities Act of 1906 gives the President of the United States the authority to designate national monuments as protected areas. Archeological projects within national monuments must comply with specific regulations set by the managing agency.

Funding for anthropological or archeological research on federal lands also requires compliance with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). This law protects Native American gravesites, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony. It requires consultation with potentially affiliated Native American groups before conducting any excavation or removing human remains from federal lands.

In addition to these laws, many federal agencies have their own policies and procedures in place for conducting anthropological and archeological research on protected sites. For example, the National Park Service has a specific permitting process for researchers who want to conduct work within national parks, including those with significant cultural resources.

Overall, funding for anthropological and archeological projects on federally protected sites is subject to various rules and oversight to ensure that these important resources are not disturbed or damaged by research activities.

15. Can private organizations or companies also be subject to federal regulations when conducting archeological or anthropological research on behalf of the government?

Yes, private organizations or companies can be subject to federal regulations when conducting archeological or anthropological research on behalf of the government. This is due to laws such as the National Historic Preservation Act and the Archaeological Resources Protection Act, which require all individuals and organizations carrying out research on federal lands or with federal funds to comply with certain regulations and obtain necessary permits. Therefore, private organizations or companies conducting research on behalf of the government would still need to adhere to federal regulations governing archeological and anthropological research.

16.Can individuals be held personally liable for violations of federal regulations in their work as anthropologists or archeologists?

Yes, individuals can be held personally liable for violations of federal regulations in their work as anthropologists or archeologists. Depending on the specific situation, they may face civil or criminal penalties for non-compliance with regulations such as the Native American Grave Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA), and the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). It is important for anthropologists and archeologists to properly document and adhere to all applicable regulations in their work to avoid potential liability.

17.What role does public outreach and education play in meeting federal requirements for archaeology and anthropology?

Public outreach and education play a crucial role in meeting federal requirements for archaeology and anthropology. This is because both disciplines involve the study of human past and present cultures, which are important to understanding our current society and informing decision-making processes.

One of the main federal laws that governs archaeology and anthropology is the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966. This law requires federal agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on historic properties, including archaeological sites. As part of this process, agencies must consult with Native American tribes, state historic preservation offices, and other stakeholders to identify any potential impacts on cultural resources.

To effectively address these requirements, public outreach and education are key. By engaging with the public through various means such as public meetings, workshops, social media campaigns, and educational programs at schools and colleges, federal agencies can increase awareness about the significance of cultural resources and promote their protection. This also helps to build relationships with local communities who may have a vested interest in preserving their cultural heritage.

Additionally, public outreach and education help to increase understanding and appreciation for archaeology and anthropology among non-experts. This includes educating people about ethical standards in these fields, promoting responsible stewardship of cultural resources, and dispelling common misconceptions about these disciplines.

Ultimately, public outreach and education serve as important tools for compliance with federal requirements in archaeology and anthropology by promoting transparency, engagement with stakeholders, conservation of cultural resources, and informed decision-making processes.

18.How do federal regulations address issues of cultural property and repatriation of artifacts or remains to indigenous communities?

The federal regulations addressing cultural property and repatriation of artifacts or remains to indigenous communities are primarily governed by the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). This law was passed in 1990 and requires federal agencies, museums, and other institutions that receive federal funding to inventory and identify any Native American human remains or cultural items in their possession. These items must then be returned to the appropriate indigenous community if requested.

In addition to NAGPRA, there are also certain provisions within the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) that address issues of cultural property. ARPA prohibits the excavation, removal, or damage of archaeological resources located on federal or Indian lands without a permit from the managing agency. It also requires that any artifacts discovered on these lands be reported to the appropriate agency.

Furthermore, there are various federal laws and international treaties that regulate the import and export of cultural property, including the Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act (CPIA) which enforces international agreements for protecting cultural heritage.

Overall, these regulations aim to protect indigenous cultures by providing a legal framework for repatriation of their ancestral remains and sacred objects. They also aim to prevent looting and destruction of important cultural sites and artifacts.

19.What are the consequences for non-compliance with federal regulations in archeological and anthropological work?

Non-compliance with federal regulations in archeological and anthropological work can have serious consequences, both legally and professionally.

1. Legal Consequences:
– Civil Penalties: Non-compliance with federal regulations may result in civil penalties, which could include fines or restitution for damages caused by the non-compliant activity.
– Criminal Penalties: In some cases, non-compliance with federal regulations may be considered a criminal offense, resulting in fines and/or imprisonment.
– Loss of Permits: Many federal regulations require individuals or organizations to obtain permits before conducting certain archeological or anthropological activities. Non-compliance with these regulations could lead to the revocation of the permit.
– Lawsuits: Non-compliance with federal regulations can also make an individual or organization vulnerable to lawsuits from affected parties. This could result in financial liabilities and damage to their professional reputation.

2. Professional Consequences:
– Damage to Reputation: Non-compliance with federal regulations can damage an individual’s or organization’s professional reputation within the archeological and anthropological community.
– Loss of Job Opportunities: Non-compliance can also lead to a loss of job opportunities, as employers may not want to hire individuals or organizations with a history of non-compliant behavior.
– Suspension or Revocation of Professional License: Compliance with federal laws and regulations is often a requirement for maintaining a professional license. Non-compliance could result in suspension or revocation of this license.

In addition to these consequences, non-compliance with federal regulations in archeological and anthropological work also has wider implications for the protection of cultural resources and the preservation of our collective human heritage. By following these regulations, professionals help ensure that important artifacts and sites are properly documented, studied, and preserved for future generations.

20.How do federal regulations ensure the ethical treatment of indigenous communities, human remains, and artifacts in archeological and anthropological research?

Federal regulations ensure the ethical treatment of indigenous communities, human remains, and artifacts in archeological and anthropological research through various laws and policies. These include:

1. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA): This act was passed in 1990 to protect Native American cultural items, including human remains, sacred objects, and funerary objects, from being excavated or removed from federal or tribal lands without proper permission. It also requires institutions that receive federal funding to return these items to their respective tribes for reburial or ceremonial purposes.

2. The Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA): Enacted in 1979, ARPA protects archaeological resources on public lands from looting, vandalism, and other forms of destruction. It requires permits for any excavation or removal of artifacts from federal lands and ensures that any excavations are done in a scientifically responsible manner.

3. The Code of Ethics of the Society for American Archaeology (SAA): This code outlines ethical principles for conducting archaeological research that respects the rights and interests of descendant communities, including indigenous groups.

4. Tribal Consultation: Federal agencies are required to consult with Native American tribes before undertaking any projects that may affect ancestral or cultural sites.

5. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs): IRBs review research proposals involving humans to ensure that they comply with ethical standards regarding informed consent, confidentiality, potential risks to participants, and overall benefits of the research.

In addition to these regulations, there has been a growing movement towards incorporating indigenous perspectives and collaboration into archaeological and anthropological research. This includes involving indigenous communities in the decision-making process regarding research on their land or cultural heritage, as well as sharing the results of research with these communities in an accessible and respectful manner.